ABSTRACT Introduction: to ensure quality of care in emergencies, medical training must include non-technical aspects such as communication, leadership, decision-making and team interaction. Objective: to analyze the perception of medical students about learning non-technical skills, through simulations in pre-hospital emergency situations. Materials and methods: qualitative study with 50 students enrolled in the medical course at the public university in Southern Minas Gerais, selected by convenience. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were used, and thematic analysis was used to analyze them. Results: two themes were elaborated: “Simulation as an instrument for the construction of knowledge and personal development” and “Beyond the procedures, non-technical skills are basic for the practice of medicine in emergency”, with the sub-theme “Different people, different ways for the development of non-technical skills”. Conclusion: simulation is perceived as a recourse which allows experiencing the role of a physician in the pre-hospital environment, in a way similar to real life, and promotes the need of developing non-technical skills. This process is not disconnected from self-knowledge. Its early insertion in medical graduation is recommended.

RESUMEN Introducción: para garantizar una atención de calidad en las urgencias, la formación médica debe incluir aspectos no técnicos, como la comunicación, el liderazgo, la capacidad de decisión y la interacción del equipo. Objetivo: analizar la percepción de los estudiantes de Medicina sobre el aprendizaje de competencias no técnicas, a través de simulaciones en situaciones de urgencia prehospitalaria. Materiales y métodos: estudio de enfoque cualitativo, con 50 estudiantes matriculados en el curso de Medicina de la universidad pública del sur de Minas Gerais, Brasil, seleccionados por conveniencia. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, y para el análisis de los mismos se utilizó el Análisis Temático. Resultados: se elaboraron dos temas: “La simulación como instrumento de construcción de conocimiento y desarrollo personal”, y “Además de los procedimientos, las competencias no técnicas son fundamentales para el ejercicio de la medicina de urgencia”, con el subtema: “Diferentes personas, diferentes trayectorias para el desarrollo de competencias no técnicas”. La simulación se percibe como un recurso que permite experimentar el rol de un médico en el ambiente prehospitalario, de manera similar a la vida real, y despierta la necesidad de desarrollar competencias no técnicas. Este proceso no está desconectado del autoconocimiento. Conclusión: la simulación se percibe como una estrategia favorable para la construcción de conocimientos y la movilización del desarrollo de competencias no técnicas, fundamentales para el ejercicio de la medicina de urgencia. Se recomienda su inserción temprana en la graduación médica.

Resumo As plantas alimentícias não convencionais têm uma variedade de compostos bioativos com valor nutricional. O jaracatiá (Vasconcellea quercifolia) pertence à família Caricaceae e é uma alternativa dietética com uma excelente composição nutricional. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a composição nutricional da farinha de frutos verdes do jaracatiá (V. quercifolia), a fim de aplicá-la em um alimento funcional. Para isso, a farinha foi caracterizada em relação a macro e micronutrientes, fatores antinutricionais, pH, atividade da água e cor. Esta farinha apresentou teores de carboidratos de 22,31%; proteínas de 9,65%; fibra alimentar dietética de 32,80%; lipídios de 14,95%, dos quais 63,56% são ácidos graxos insaturados, especialmente ácido oleico; e cinzas de 9,10%, com maiores concentrações para potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Portanto, a farinha de V. quercifolia tem características nutritivas e pode ser utilizada como suplemento alimentar.

Abstract Non-conventional food plants have a variety of bioactive compounds with nutritional value. Vasconcellea quercifolia A. St.-Hil., belonging to the Caricaceae family, is a dietary alternative with excellent nutritional composition. This study aimed at characterizing the nutritional composition of mountain papaya (V. quercifolia) green fruit flour, in order to incorporate it in a functional food. For that purpose, the flour was characterized regarding its macro and micronutrients, anti-nutritional factors, pH, water activity, and color. This flour showed contents of carbohydrate of 22.31%; protein of 9.65%; dietary fiber of 32.80%; lipids of 14.95%, 63.56% of which are unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid; and ash of 9.10%, with higher concentrations for potassium, calcium and magnesium. Therefore, V. quercifolia flour had good nutritional characteristics and might be used as supplementary food.

ABSTRACT Olive leaves are agro-industrial residues resulting from pruning and / or olive harvesting, and are used in animal feed, as an organic fertilizer and as a source of compound extraction for various applications. This study aimed to carry out the physicochemical characterization, main bioactive compounds and the fatty acid profile of olive leaves from the cultivars Frantoio, Koroneike, Manzanilha, Arbosana and Arbequina. Proximal composition, pH, titratable acidity, minerals by MIP OES, bioactive compounds were determined by spectrophotometry, oleuropein and tocopherols by high performance liquid chromatography and the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography. The olive leaves had a high content of fibers and proteins, the predominant minerals were potassium and calcium, in addition the olive leaves had a high content of bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and carotenoids and the cultivar Koroneike had a higher content of oleuropein compared to the others. In relation to tocopherols, α-tocopherol stood out from the other tocopherols with the maximum concentration (63436.79 mg.100g-1) measured in the cultivar Arbequina. In view of the results found, it is concluded that olive leaves are sources of macromolecules, bioactive compounds and fatty acids, which can be extracted and applied in the most diverse areas.

This paper describes the evaluation of the total concentration of Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Pb e Zn and the bioaccessible fraction of Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in samples of grape skins from different cultivars (Vitis Viníferas Tannat and Cabernet Sauvignon) by MIP OES. For the determination of total concentration, acid decomposition with a reflux system adapted to the digestion tubes in the oxidizing medium of HNO3 and H2O2 were used. The accuracy of the method was verified by recovery tests, whose values ranged from 80 to 120%, as well as through a comparative method in closed system. Bi, Cd and Cr showed values for total content below the LOD or below the values acceptable for health while Pb is higher than 0.2 mg kg-1, for both cultivars. To evaluate the bioacessible fraction, the gastrointestinal system was simulated using an in vitro procedure, and its performance was assessed considering the bioaccessible fraction (supernatant) and the non-bioaccessible fraction, whose sum should be closed to the total concentration, and the results obtained were between 81 and 120%. Both cultivars showed similar values for the bioaccessible fractions (~13.5 – 53% of the total content).

São Simão’s Brazilian kaolinite has been treated with titanium(IV) isopropoxide and cobalt(II) tetracarboxymetallophthalocyanine under different conditions (acidic or basic), leading, after drying at 100 ºC, to new titania-doped cobalt(II)-metallophthalocyanine/kaolinite solids. These solids were characterized by chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analyses and nitrogen adsorption. No significant changes were observed by diffractometry, but the specific surface area depended of the synthetic route followed. The ability of these solids for photodegradation of trimethoprim, caffeine and prometryn was evaluated. The photodegradation was followed via mass spectrometry and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The presence of photodegradation by-products was verified in all cases. All the photocatalysts showed high photodegradation rate against prometryn, trimethoprim and caffeine, the degradation efficiencies were 54, 30 and 90%, respectively, when using the heterogeneous photocatalysts. Comparison with commercial TiO2 (Degusa®) proved that the synthesized photocatalyst based on kaolinite present higher degradation rate than isolated titanium dioxide.

An analytical method for the determination of Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Na and Zn in breast of conventional, country and Christmas chicken and turkey samples using microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES) technique was developed. Samples were decomposed in a digester block with a reflux system under conditions optimized using a central composite design as it follows: 2 g of sample, in 7.5 mL of HNO3 during 180 min at 160 °C. The accuracy was evaluated by the analysis of standard reference material SRM 1546 meat homogenate (94 to 108%) and also by addition and recovery tests (80 to 121%). The highest concentrations, in mg kg-1, of Al (2.77), Ca (88.3), Cu (1.99), Fe (3.65), K (3236), Mg (292.62) and Na (312.03) were found in the breast of conventional chicken sample. Zinc presented high value in the breast of turkey sample (10.6 mg kg-1). However, the found concentrations were lower than the daily consumption limit established by supervisory agencies and reference limits from Brazilian legislation. Cadmium, Cr and Hg presented values below limit of quantification. In this way, it is evident that chicken breast should be consumed in a complementary way in a healthy diet.

Abstract Polymer matrix nanocomposites (NMP) have attracted a great interest mainly in the automotive, aerospace and medical industries since they have good mechanical properties, dimensional, thermal and chemical stability, as well as interesting electrical conductivity and cost reduction in the manufacturing process. However, welding of this class of materials presents serious challenges such as improving weldability of the joint and understanding the mechanisms responsible for coalescence. The objective of this work was to evaluate the coalescence of an NMP joint (comprising a PA6 matrix and with nanosilica of different percentages of silicon) using ultrasonic welding, as well as to perform an acoustic approach of the energy dissipation during the welding process. It is concluded that the NMP samples tend to show better coalescence as the percentage of nanosilica increases, up to a certain limit. On the other hand, the higher the content of nanoparticle the smaller the energy absorption.

Resumo No presente trabalho, a técnica de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido por micro-ondas foi empregada para determinar as concentrações de Al, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mg, Sb e Zn em amostras de peixes (bagre, tainha, traíra, pintado e corvina) e de Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti e Zn em amostras de camarão-rosa (Farfantepenaeus paulensis). As amostras foram preparadas usando a decomposição ácida com o sistema de refluxo. Para as análises de peixes, fez-se a comparação de dois sistemas de introdução de amostras no plasma: a nebulização convencional e o sistema multimode . Para se obterem as melhores condições utilizando o sistema multimode, parâmetros, como a concentração de HCl e do agente redutor NaBH4, foram investigados. A exatidão do método foi avaliada através de análises de materiais de referência certificados e de testes de adição de analito. As recuperações obtidas foram satisfatórias para ambas as amostras. Para os peixes, os melhores resultados foram obtidos usando o sistema multimode e as concentrações encontradas (em mg kg-1) foram 6,43 a 24,7 para Al; 0,41 a 6,6 para Cu; 168,2 a 211,2 para Mg, e 23,1 para Zn. Para as amostras de camarão-rosa, as concentrações máximas (em mg kg-1) encontradas foram: 92,1 para Al; 1.070 para Ca; 4,57 para Cu; 87,9 para Fe; 451 para Mg; 8,9 para Mn, e 29,2 para Zn. Todas as concentrações de Cd, Cu, Pb e Zn encontradas estão dentro dos limites permitidos pela legislação vigente no Brasil, para pescados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a adequabilidade do método utilizando a técnica de MIP OES para determinação multielementar em amostras de peixe e camarão-rosa.

Abstract In the present work, the microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry technique was employed to determine the concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mg, Sb and Zn in fish samples (catfish, mullet, wolf fish, spotted sorubim and croaker) and Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti and Zn in shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) samples. Samples were prepared by acid decomposition with reflux system. For fish analysis, two systems of sample introduction into plasma were compared: conventional nebulization and multimode system. In order to get the best conditions using the multimode system, parameters such as the concentrations of HCl and of reducing agent NaBH4 were investigated. The method accuracy was assessed through analysis of certified reference materials and analyte addition tests. The obtained recoveries were satisfactory for both samples. For fish, the best results were obtained using the multimode system and the maximum concentrations (in mg·kg-1) were: 6.43 to 24.7 for Al; 0.41 to 6.6 for Cu; 168.2 to 211.2 for Mg and 23.1 for Zn. For shrimp samples, the maximum concentrations (in mg·kg -1) were: 92.1 for Al; 1,070 for Ca; 4.57 for Cu; 87.9 for Fe; 451 for Mg; 8.9 for Mn and 29.2 for Zn. All concentrations found for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are within the limits permitted by the current legislation in Brazil for fish. The results showed the suitability of the present method using MIP OES technique for multielemental determination in fish and shrimp samples.

The photophysical and photochemical properties of phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine with similar structures were studied in solution and with density-functional theory (DFT) computational method. The extended π-conjugated system in naphthalocyanines causes a bathochromic shift in UV-Vis, emission and excitation bands, and promotes lesser generation of singlet oxygen in solution when compared to phthalocyanines. Time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations point out the molecular orbitals involved in Q-band transition, corresponding to highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) transition with a concentration of charge along x-axis, while the transition to LUMO+1 is in y-axis direction. The presence of tert-butyl substituents does not affect the molecular orbitals shape, but affect their energies. Aggregation studies in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO):water solutions showed that naphthalocyanines studied have more aggregation tendency than the phthalocyanines. DFT studies indicated that stacked-dimers are preferred to rotated-stacked conformation due the interaction between ZnII and nitrogen atom from different monomers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentration of Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb in different species of fish collected in the estuarine and limnic regions of the São Gonçalo channel, located in the Patos-Mirim lagoon complex in the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul State (Southern Brazil) during 2013 (autumn, winter and spring) and 2014 (summer). Fish samples were decomposed in a digester block with a reflux system under conditions optimized using a central composite design as it follows: 250 mg of fish sample, 5 mL HNO3, 2 mL H2O2 during 2 h at 150 °C. The concentrations obtained ranged from 6.7 to 12.0 mg kg -1 for Cu; 1.8 to 23.6 mg kg -1 for Zn; 37 to 487 µg kg -1 for Pb; and 40 to 1268 µg kg -1 for Cr. The highest concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb, were observed in fishes collected at locations in the estuarine region and Cr showed high levels, especially in the limnic region. The samples of the species Loricariichthys anus (viola) showed the highest concentrations of all analytes investigated.

Resumo Neste trabalho, é descrito o desenvolvimento de um método analítico para análise de amostras de cervejas por técnicas de espectrometria. As amostras foram preparadas por decomposição em meio ácido, em um sistema de refluxo, e as determinações foram realizadas por F AAS (Fe, Mg e Zn), F AES (Na) e MIP OES (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni e Zn). As melhores condições para a decomposição da amostra foram obtidas através de estudo com delineamento composto central rotacional: volume de 10,0 mL de cerveja desgaseificada, adição de 5,0 mL de HNO3 e 2,0 mL H2O2, seguida por uma etapa de aquecimento em bloco digestor a 160 °C, por 93 min. Os limites de quantificação do método foram ≤ 0,100 mg L-1 para todos os elementos investigados, independentemente da técnica analítica utilizada, ficando abaixo, por exemplo, dos valores estipulados para Zn e Ni, pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária do Brasil. Os estudos comparativos entre as diferentes técnicas avaliadas mostraram, pelo teste T com nível de 90% de confiança, que não há diferença significativa para as determinações de Fe, Mg, Na e Zn nas amostras de cerveja. O método de preparo da amostra proposto mostrou ser simples, rápido, de baixo custo e confiável, para análise de cervejas nas diferentes técnicas de espectrometria atômica.

Abstract This study describes the development of an analytical method for the analysis of beer samples by atomic spectrometric techniques. The samples were prepared by acid decomposition using a reflux system, and the determinations carried out by F AAS (Fe, Mg and Zn), F AES (Na) and MIP OES (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni and Zn). The best conditions for sample decomposition were obtained by way of studies using a central rotational compound design: 10.0 mL of degassed beer followed by the addition of 5.0 mL of HNO3 and 2.0 mL H2O2 and a heating step in the digester block at 160 °C for 93 min. The quantification limits of the method were ≤ 0.100 mg L-1 for all the analytes investigated, regardless of the analytical technique used, values below those established by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency for Zn and Ni, for example. The comparative study of the different techniques showed that, according to the t-test at a 90% level of confidence, there was no significant difference for the determinations of Fe, Mg, Na and Zn in the beer samples. The sample preparation method was shown to be simple, fast, low-cost and reliable for the analysis of beers by the different atomic spectrometry techniques.

This paper presents a study involving the development of a new mini polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vessel project for biological sample preparation in micro scale in closed system with microwave radiation for subsequent determination of Cd, K, Mg and Na by atomic spectrometry techniques. All experiments were carried out in micro quantities of samples (up to 20 mg) and reagents (300 µL of HNO3) for 5 min at 350 W. Certified reference materials of biological samples (bovine muscle and liver) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed system and the results obtained were in agreement with the certified value at 95% of confidence (t -test). Relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 8.0% for all elements. The proposed method is not only easy and fast, but it is also based on the use of an inexpensive system for sample digestion.

In this work, the photochemical vapor generation (PVG) coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry and a pre-concentration step with an Au column was used for the determination of Hg in biological samples and ethanol fuel. PVG with pre-concentration showed an up to 250-fold higher sensitivity compared to the approach without pre-concentration. The accuracy of analysis of biological samples was evaluated using certified reference materials (fish tissues), while for ethanol fuel samples, recovery tests were employed (91%). Analytical curves were linear (R > 0.99) in the studied range of 2.5 to 10 µg L-1 for conventional PVG and 0.2 to 0.5 µg L-1 for PVG with the pre-concentration step. For the last, the limits of detection reached for biological samples and ethanol fuel were 0.02 and 0.01 µg L-1, respectively. The systems presented are simple, sensitive and safe for the control of low Hg concentrations in different samples. However, only the system using pre-concentration with an Au column was capable of obtaining the reproduced signals of Hg in low concentrations of the order of 0.2 µg L-1.

This paper describes the optimization of a sample preparation method using response surface methodology for Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni and Ti determinations in samples of rice husk and rice husk ash by MIP OES. Sample preparation was performed using a reflux system adapted to the digestion tubes. This system allowed the decomposition of the samples without the necessity of replacement of the acids during this step without any loss of volatile elements. The decompositions were performed with 3.6 mL of HNO3 and 1.4 mL of H2SO4 for 205 min in a digester block at 225 ºC. The detection limit for determination of respective analytes in both samples were satisfactory. The RSDs for the analytes were less than 10%. Moreover, the accuracy of the method can be verified by recovery tests, whose values ranged from 82 to 115% for husk samples and 82 to 120% for ashes. The proposed method was presented as a simple, safe and low cost procedure being suitable for sample preparation and subsequent determination of metals by MIP OES.

In this work, two sample preparation procedures for subsequent determination of Na, K, Ca and Mg by techniques of atomic spectrometry in samples of Brazilian cream cheese were evaluated. The determinations were performed on two equipments, F AAS and MIP OES, which presented similar results, being evident the advantages of MIP OES since it is a multielementar technique with low operational cost and high efficiency. The first procedure was carried out by acidic decomposition (HNO3/H2SO4) in a reflux system, and the second used the alkaline solubilization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The accuracy was verified by recovery tests and the results were between 80 and 104% for both procedures. A comparison with a reference procedure was also performed and no significant differences have been observed at the 95% confidence level. The evaluated elements were not in accordance with the values indicated on the labels of all products, showing the importance for monitoring these products. The methods of sample preparation proposed showed to be simple, inexpensive, providing accurate and precise results, and are a promising alternative to be used for the quality control of these routine test samples.